global crisis

We all already know that when this country is the super power the United States in the problem / financial crisis. According to the compass from the economic crisis in the U.S. national debt is the cumulation, which reached 8.98 trillion USD, the reduction in corporation tax, swelling cost of the war over and afghanistan, and the most crucial is the sub-prime mortgage: Loss of valuable property that membangkrutkan Lehman Brothers, Merryl Lynch, Goldman Sachs , Northern Rock, UBS, Mitsubishi UF.

Newspapers in Europe highlights the economic crisis in the United States, which has also felt the impact in Europe.

Konjunktur about the crisis in the United States and the consequences for global economic growth,

From the Italian daily La Republica published in Rome in tajuknya comments:

"Currently the U.S. recession is a very serious and painful. First now is: what seem konjunktur this phase, and whether the economy will be able to overthrow the United States sudden? In Europe, especially the European Central Bank, although aware that it is illusion, still expect that they can still protect kawasannya or skim the impact of severe economic crisis in the United States. However, in 2008, this Europe will no longer be able to withstand the impact of the economic crisis from the United States and will participate tergilas. "

From the French daily Dernieres nouvelles d `Alsace, which is also published in Strassburg on the sharp economic crisis in the world page:

"In the German trade union demands wage increase to 8 percent to offset the purchasing power continues to decline. Also in France declining purchasing power of a discussion topic. However, in reality, the decline in purchasing power this is a problem throughout Europe. In which economic growth should be revised downward. European Central Bank unions declaim demand-especially with the spotlight as the German economic stimulus Europe. Global economy experienced a drastic change. Credit crisis in the United States shows how globalization and monetary rentannya. The new economic actors also appear outside the plan. Like the long-term savings from countries producing oil, which is a long-term investment. Different from the pension fund, which is only interested in short-term profits. Drastic changes in the financial circulation can not be ignored anymore. "

Meanwhile, the Daily circulation in the German Der Tagesspiegel in Berlin, which published comments:

"Also, if not all fears become reality, now seen how bad the preparation of the decrease konjunktur Germany. Last year the country only get a cash inflow of 70 million euros, although income from the sector increased by the billions of tax euros. The country could no longer restore their ability to act. Political overall, failed to benefit from the rate konjunktur. Health insurance, retirement funds and foundations market does not work anymore immune from the crisis. This theme should be discussed in the campaign. "

And the last liberal Danish daily Information published in Copenhagen on the impact of recession on the presidential election campaign in the U.S.:

"Threats economic recession in the presidential election year, seems to magically unify the party and the Republic of the Democratic party in Congress and the president at this time. Sakarang this must also be disuntikkan fresh funds for economic circulation, and better of course if channeled directly to U.S. consumers. Had the U.S. president forestall this project, the opportunity for the Republic party maintain power in the White House will be the worse. For the democrat party candidates can throw the responsibility for the serious recession in 2008, the Bush and the party Republiknya. In the meantime, the crisis seems to increase economic opportunities page for the Democratic party won the presidential election and reach a majority in the two rooms in the Congress. "

microfinance

Asia Pacific Region Microcredit Summit (APRMS) or the Bali Summit, in Nusa Dua, Bali, has been held successfully from the date of 28-30 July 2008. From 1,111 applicants, attended the event totaling 916 participants, in which 30% will come from Indonesia, while 70% will be divided between 59 countries. Among those present appear to Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel Peace 2006. In addition, the participants were dominated by South Asian residents, mostly from the three countries, namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. There are possibly? Microfinance fact that the universe appalling political world, growing rapidly in Asian countries. In addition to the bag because there is still much poverty in Asia, also because of the government's commitment and strong movement of workers
In addition to introduce various activities Microfinance, which was conducted in several countries in South Asia, the Conference also discuss various important issues that encompass Microfinance world at this time. One of the problems discussed is the transformation of warm microfinance banking institutions. Other problems discussed is the support from government policies to the activities of Microfinance.

Back to the success stories of Microfinance institutions in other countries. Microfinance is not done simply to distribute the credit. Not simply talking about increasing the income of the poor. But also about the problems of environment, energy conservation, and also the efforts of development by using information technology.

In Bangladesh and a small part of India, microfinance also said the problem needs cheap energy and environment-friendly pavement for the traders. As in Indonesia, traders, five feet in Bangladesh if you want to sell on the night of the need to buy diesel or even steal electricity. But Grameen Shakti, a division of the Grameen Bank Surya Tuesday as the energy trader to five feet. Tuesday solar can be paid using a credit without collateral. Consequently scenery visible in the cities in Bangladesh is the traders who put five feet Tuesday Surya as a source of energy for the light-light in lapak-lapak them. Even in India, Microfinance used to introduce alternative technologies, such as biogas to the general public.

Bank

This brief review of the business model used public bank (commercial bank) in the microfinance business. In effect since the 1970s, when this is more and more banks are involved in microfinance into the business after the first financial crisis in Asia shows that many business microfinance stronger in the face of the crisis.

Previously many analysts think only of many NGOs working in the microfinance business, but the further development shows that not a few banks that run the business microfinance (World Bank, 1996; Almeyda, 1997). Almayda study shows that many banks that participate in microfinance in the number of significant even if compared with the NGOs.

Studies also indicate the reasons why banks into the microfinance business: profits, market changes and competition is tight in the corporate financing, social reasons, and government regulations that require banks finance microfinance.

In general, there are 4 business model in the microfinance banks, :

1. Internal microfinance units in the bank
2. Linkage program
3. Establish microfinance company
4. Establish business services, microfinance

Of the four models above, in the model used is the linkage program. Linkage program was selected because many banks only provide loans with interest rates on commercial microfinance institutions (generally ODA). With the linkage run the program, the banks received much benefit from microfinance (credit, commercial interest, according to government programs, and get additional level of the bank) without having to engage in microfinance operations.

Internet Strategies and Functional

The existence of the Internet makes creating geographic boundaries do not mean. The emergence of the Internet era, companies appear with a company called E-Business. Functional strategy of E-Business, which includes Customer Relationship Management, Enterprise Resource Planning and Supplay Chain Management.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is the backbone of the E-Business or equivalent to the operating system business, such as the Windows operating system for back-office operations. Enterprise Resource Planning CFES is serving as a framework to integrate and mengotomatiskan various business processes that must be done in the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, accounting, financial and human resources from a business.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the practice of management and information technology to optimize the flow of information between products and processes, and business partners in a supply chain. Supply Chain is a network of business process and interrelasi between the business needed to build, sell, and deliver a product to the customer end.

planning and controlling

Components of planning and controlling operations include scheduling, the level of demand, supply level, the key point of control, job specialization, security and the use of factory quality standards. The companies most admired in the world of planning and controlling operations many apply Six Sigma, for example, General Electric, Motorola, Honeywell and others. Six Sigma is a goal that is almost perfect in meeting customer requirements. Six Sigma refers to the target operating performance, as measured by the statistics with only 3.4 errors per million activities. Six Sigma is also a business culture that changes the position of the company in customer satisfaction, profitability and competitiveness is greater. Six Sigma is a system of comprehensive and flexible to achieve, maintain and maximize business success, which is controlled by a unique understanding of the strong customer demand, the discipline of data, facts and statistics analysis and careful attention to manage, and improve business process re-instill .

Strategy Learning from failure

Conceit company executives one of the fall of the company. In 2002, Fall has been known oil company Enron, as the Executive ghoulish behavior for employees with the sack employees in a large-scale, but behind the company reported still able to find funds to fund the $ 200,000 luxury box at what was called Enron Field. Polaroid Company, reported to cancel retiree health benefits, the company retired before the petition, vice management to submit petitions to the bankruptcy court to be allowed to give $ 19 million as a bonus to the executive order did not leave the company. Similarly the company Webvan CEO pay his resignation $ 375,000 per lifetime, before the company stop operating the lay employees. Owing to incidents which are published in a scene about executive greed and hubris, America is no longer believe in the big companies to a new level. United States promises the New Economy and a new era of prosperity is not limited. However, everything was groundless, Mark Ingebretsen write in the book Why Companies Fail. "Many top executives tend to build distance with the front lines. The big companies, the more likely top executives lost contact with the front lines. This can be the single most important factor that impedes the growth of the company "said Jack Trout. The experience of the failure of the world's top executive can use this as a very valuable and we do not reset again. But otherwise, the founder Sam Walton as Wal-Mart, with earthy and humble visiting front lines (clerk) from each Wal-Mart stores throughout his life. He even mengabiskan middle of night didok unloading and berbicaran with the crew. Sam Walton style of leadership that is close to the employees of the company culture slant Wal-Mart up to now. In 2003, Wal-Mart was selected as one company ranked the world's most spectacular, version of Fortune magazine.

Similarly, when Umar ibn Khatab go to Syam onta up with adjuvant. Umar pembantunya turns with the preachers camel. When Umar rise camel, the adjuvant holding the strap, and vice versa when the pembantunya up onta Umar holding the strap, so in place until it's correct. When Syam came up in turn attract the ropes Umar, the coverage is holding the rope onta Umar and sandalnya clamp down on the left armpit. Governor Syam, Abu Ubadah know, and said "O Amirul Mukminin, the official Syam has to pick you out, it is not opportune when they see you like this." Umar said, "Even with Islam because we have to be noble, it is not concerned with the spiel ". Leaders of the lead with a humble leader who is both noble in the sight of God and the human side.

finance

The field of finance refers to the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important. Financial assets, known as investments, are financially managed with careful attention to financial risk management to control financial risk. Financial instruments allow many forms of securitized assets to be traded on securities exchanges such as stock exchanges, including debt such as bonds as well as equity in publicly-traded corporations.

Management functions

Management functions are basic elements that will always be there and in the process inherent in the management of reference will be made by managers in the conduct of activities to achieve goals. Management functions first introduced by a French industrialist named Henry Fayol in the early 20th Century. Then, he mentioned the five management functions, namely to design, organize, govern, mengordinasi, and control. However, at this time, the fifth function has been summarized into four, namely planning, organizing, guidance, and control.

Planning is thinking about what will be done with the resources that are owned. Planning is done to determine the company's overall objectives and how best to meet that goal. Managers plan to evaluate various alternatives before taking action and then see whether the selected plan appropriate and can be used to meet company objectives. Planning is a process of all the important functions of management because without planning, other functions can not run.

The second is the function of organizing or Organizing. Organizing done with the purpose of dividing a large activities into the activities of the smaller. Organizing facilitate managers in the monitoring and determine who is required to carry out the tasks that have been divided for it. Organizing can be done by the task determine what should be done, who should do them, how tasks are grouped, who is responsible for the task, in which the decision must be taken.

Directions or directing an action is to organize so that all members of the group tried to reach the target in accordance with the planning and managerial business organizations. So actuating means is helping people to want to work with the full awareness of itself or together to achieve the desired objectives effectively. In this case, which is needed leadership (leadership).

Evaluating Pengevaluasian or are monitoring the process and controlling the performance of the company to ensure that the Company in accordance with the plan that has been set. A manager claimed to find that there are problems in operating the company, then solve the problem before it becomes greater.

Conventional Income Distribution

There are many combinations of value to consumers, trade, production, and a combination of factors, consistent with the input efficiency. Indeed, there is a third terbatasan from consumers and the balance of production that generate Pareto optimal. There is a lot of Optimal point range limit the possibility of aggregate production. Therefore, Pareto efficiency is needed, but not one that meets the conditions for social welfare. Each Pareto optimal related to the distribution of income in a different economy. Some may involve a large imbalance of income. So how do we decide Pareto optimal which the most desired? The decision was made, both secretly and openly, when we set the function of social welfare. This function is the value of tangible decisions about the value to the inter-personal relationships. Social welfare function is a way of mathematics in the interest of relative states of individuals in the community.
A function to the welfare of the value (also called a welfare function Benthamite) up to the value of each individual in order to obtain the overall welfare of the community. All people are treated the same, the problem is not on the level of initial value to them. One unit of value for an additional order that the poor did not see any value greater than one additional unit of value in order for a millionaire who has all the wealth that he had to spend.
At the other extreme is the Max-Min proposed by John Rawls. According to the criteria of Max-Min, if the welfare Maximize value to the community members that have the most value to small is the largest. No economic activity will increase social welfare activities unless it improve the position of the members of the community worse (losers). Most economists define a function of social welfare is the middle between these two extremes.
Social welfare function is typically translated into the curve indiferens such a way that can be used in the same space as a graphical function that other inter-related. A curve indiferens social value to the Linear and slash to the bottom that leads to the right. Curve indiferens social Max-Min take the form of two straight lines that have formed so that a 90 degree angle. A social indiferens curve drawn from a social welfare function is between a slash to the bottom that leads to the right.

The shape of the curve between the social indiferensi can be increased as the imbalance, a large increase in the value of the individual to the relatively rich needed to replace the loss of value to individuals who are relatively poor. A social welfare function that can be built with a rough measure of subjective value of dollars of goods and services that are distributed to the players in the economy

moslem economic

Efficiency in the sense of Pareto Optimum neutral value and modern ekuilibrium also did not appear in the literature of Islam. This does not mean that the concept of efficiency is not known. This concept has been identified in some understanding. One is in business to do the best. He said. Uphold the quality, with good charity) and itqan (perfection). He said, "God has obliged you to do good (charity) in all matters," and that "God loves those who do work, do it with excellence." Efforts to complete their charity can do business itqan, and both of them together can help realize the use of resources and human nature with the most efficient and fair. Efficiency is also necessary in the context of the various resources should not be wasted or misused because of the lack of accountability to God. According to one advice to Abu Yusuf Aaron ar-Rashid, which is based on the word, accountability is valid for all resources, including human age, knowledge, wealth, and all the physical ability. Accountability demands that these resources be used to help maximize human welfare. Accountability is valid for resources, whether it is not the perspective of human resources or natural resources, rare or abundant, the cost or free (Zarqa, 1980:4).
Thus, the use of resources in the most efficient economy konvensioanl can be defined according to the Pareto Optimum, while in an Islamic economy will be determined based on maqashid. Each of the torpedo realization maqashid must be seen as vanity and inefisiensi (Faridi, 1983:40). For example, in conventional economics, the concept of Pareto Optimum allow demolition if the excess output of this business allows arrest without a decrease labanya consumers become worse (the condition) because the price rise. However, as this is not acceptable in Islam because the paradigm of behavior such as this will not only damage the resources provided by God as a form of trust but also cause injustice to the consumer. Although the effort to maintain prices at current levels can not be made more useful if the excess output was not destroyed, the price will drop or excess that can be distributed to poor people. Similarly, time and energy that is used for prayer and fasting will appear futile if the framework is seen by materialism, because it will cause, though not always, the decline in output so that hinder the Maximization of output and profit. However, if the contribution is viewed from the angle that the rich will be able to create a character-building and improving human welfare and the spiritual, prayers and fasting then surely have positive benefits. Perhaps because of this reason, and other reasons, such as that shown previously that one of qaidah ushul allow a determination of private sacrifice for a more narrow gain occurred in the greater public. Generally, the theologian that the Sharia, with the strategies and moral values that are provided to instill these values effectively in the community, not only will help ensure justice and prosperity for all, but also encourage the progress of mankind. Al-Mawardi suggests that Islamic teachings have proven to be a solid foundation for the improvement and stability in the world. Ibn Khaldun also stressed that a country can not achieve progress and strength except with implementing Sharia (Chapra, 2001:61).

business

A business (also called a firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers. A business needs a market. A consumer is an essential part of a business. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, most being privately owned and formed to earn profit to increase the wealth of owners. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative businesses and state-owned enterprises. Socialistic systems involve either government, public, or worker ownership of most sizable businesses.

The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage (above) to mean a particular or corporation, the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the music business" and compound forms such as agribusiness, or the broadest meaning to include all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate.

Business Studies, the study of the management of individuals to maintain collective productivity in order to accomplish particular creative and productive goals (usually to generate profit), is taught as an academic subject in many schools.